I really think that most people are glossing over the biggist piece of evidence that we know about...a piece of evidence that, if it was my testing lab would have thrown the test result's accuracy into doubt and prompted me to ask for a second sample...seperate from any sample that had already been collected. I am a chemist who routinely runs tests on chemical samples. Not urine analysis...corrosion inhibitors actually...but the science...or should I say statistics are the same. I also used to run chemical analysis on over the counter drugs (tylenol etc.) using HPLCs, so I understand the kind of testing that they don in the urine analysis labs. These type of instruments often have autosamplers that allow the technician to prepare a large number of samples at once, and set them to run over a relatively long period of time. Testing usually begins with a blank of some sort, and then samples with a known concentration of chemical. By looking at the results generated by these samples, the technician will known if they have acceptable system suitability. Basically, if everything is working properly the instrument should tell you that there is no chemical in the blank samples, and give the appropriate reading for the known concentration samples. This tells you that the instrument is working properly, and barring anything unforseen you should be able to trust the data from the other samples. It is even routine to add additional samples of known concentration regularly spaced throughout the samples to prove that the instrument is still reliable. OK, so this having been done, the technician believes his system is reliable...and I have no doubt that it was. After all of the samples have been run, the technician analyzes the data...using computer software to do exactly what pebadger said...look for a peak at a specific time point on a graph. This method is fairly reliable as long as chemicals do not co-elute at the same time point. This produces either peak overlap, making it difficult to determine the area of the peak of interest, or worst of all the combining of peaks...this is the situation where two different chemicals are considered the same, and the concentrations of each are considered the concentration of the peak of interest, resulting in a falsley high value. Usually these co-eluting peaks can be dealt with by pre-treatment of the sample, adjusting the type of column used (a part of the instrument), and/or changing the system flow rate. Since this testing is routine, I have very little doubt that the method is fully validated and that co-eluting peaks are typically an issue. Once the data analysis has been completed, you can finally look at the data and see what your levels of "chemical" were in each sample. In may case of testing tylenol samples, we know what the typical range of acetaminophen would probably be. The same is true with looking at T/E ratios...the long history of this testing has told us what values we can expect for a clean player, and what values to expect for a dirty player. However, the value for a dirty player is a lower limit...meaning any value over "X"...with no upper limit. This, I believe, is the issue with this case. If I was running routine samples, analyzed the data, and got a result 3x higher than the typical "dirty" player the first thing I would do is re-do the analysis. I would assume that I did something incorrectly because the number simply doesn't make sense. After I had verified that I did everything correctly, I would still doubt the results and would want to retest the sample. I forgot to mention that most likely each sample is tested in duplicate or triplicate...so I would look at the replicate samples to see if they showed the same result. In this case I am sure that they did (or would have). I still wouldn't believe the results (being so abnormal) so I would run the samples again if at all possible in order to see if the apparant error eas a sample preparation error. I would prepare fresh sample for the original urine samples (each test sample should only use a portion of the actual collected sample), and re-run the analysis of those samples with fresh system suitability etc. Again, I am confident that this test would have produced the same results. By now, as a scientist, I am feeling pretty confident that the value of "chemical" that I have obtained through my analysis of the data is correct. However, that doesn't necessarily mean that the player is dirty. An abnormal reading like this raises doubt. Any good scientist wants to know what caused the high reading? Did the player really have a T/E reading 3x the normal dirty player, or was there some error somewhere in the process that could have caused it? The system should have immediately asked for an additional sample from Braun...maybe even kicked him into a higher frequency of testing to see if that result could be repeated. Additionally I would investigate everything about the original sample to see if anything abnormal happened...in this case there was an abnormally long period in which the sample was treated in a less than optimal fashion. At the very least there was something about the sample that COULD explain the abnormal reading. Once that was discovered, I would tentatively ascribe the abnormal reading to the abnormal handling of the sample. If Braun never tests positive again, then case solved. If he does, then you proceed with new result. Either way, the issue is that an abnormal reading was recorded, and there is a possible reason for the abnormal reading. The only possible next step is a re-test...not prosecution. This is a very long winded post, but I believe that having a general understanding of the testing process is important for understanding (with the evidence that we have) why the test result was thrown out. It doesn't have to have involved tampering or gross negligence. It can also be thrown out and not be a technicality...the results are simply questionable, not conclusive. No real scientist would take abnormal test results as gospel without reverification. The fact that he was prosecuted by MLB due to this questionable test result is inexcusable in my opinion. MLB hung Braun out to dry.